We produce the Business Outlook and Trends Survey (BOTS) and the Survey of Regional Conditions and Expectations (SORCE) to better our understanding of business activity in communities served by the Cleveland Fed.
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Issue No. 79

September 23, 2025

Good morning,

This past month, the Cleveland Fed released new insights about regional business conditions. We also want you to know that we’re asking small business leaders and owners to take the Fed’s Small Business Credit Survey, open now! Other offerings include a video from our president and CEO Beth Hammack on why she travels the region, financial education and career development resources, and upcoming events. Thank you for reading,

The Cleveland Fed Digest team

lee H

In Memoriam: W. Lee Hoskins
We remember with appreciation Lee’s service as president and CEO of the Cleveland Fed, 1987–1991.

OUR NATION

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Hammack: A threat to Fed independence is a threat to low inflation

Maintaining the Federal Reserve’s independence from politics is crucial to its ability to manage inflation, Cleveland Fed president Beth Hammack said in a recent podcast interview.

Listen

Do you have a few minutes?

Help us improve this newsletter by responding to eight questions.

Take the survey

Help the youth you know explore occupations

Inspire high school and college students to explore new jobs and understand the skills needed for the roles that they find most interesting with our new lesson plan.

Download and teach it today (PDF)

Speaking of informing people about career paths…

Check out this step-by-step guide on how workforce development practitioners can use the Occupational Mobility Explorer in their work with job seekers and employers.

Sample uses and toolkit

We have a new education page

Educators from across the Federal Reserve System have built a new home for classroom resources and professional development, including learning aids from the Cleveland Fed’s Center for Inflation Research.

Take a tour

CEOs expecting lower inflation

US business leaders expect inflation of 3.5 percent over the next 12 months, down from 3.9 percent in April, according to the latest Survey of Firms’ Inflation Expectations.

Learn more

Why have inflation expectations surveys diverged?

Researchers examine how survey questions are worded, how responses are compiled, and other variables for clues as to why four measures of what consumers expect inflation to be have diverged in recent months.

What they found

At what interest rate does the economy neither expand nor contract?

A new set of mathematical calculations from Bank researchers offers an estimate of the so-called neutral interest rate, an elusive but important piece of information the Fed considers when setting monetary policy.

What is it?

Reminder: The Small Business Credit Survey is open

If you own a small business of fewer than 500 employees or are its key financial decisionmaker, please participate in this year’s survey; responses are confidential.

Take the survey

What caused the housing supply crisis? And what could solve it?

“Lance George says he’s nothing without his maps.” So begins this conference coverage, which identifies five ideas for increasing the affordable housing supply.

Read or watch

OUR COMMUNITIES

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Hungry for more info on the regional economy?

We produce the Business Outlook and Trends Survey (BOTS) and the Survey of Regional Conditions and Expectations (SORCE) to better our understanding of business activity in communities served by the Cleveland Fed.

More about BOTS
More about SORCE

Business activity ticks up in the Fourth District

Business activity edged up in recent weeks and was expected “to rise modestly in the months ahead,” according to Cleveland Fed business contacts in the latest Federal Reserve summary of commentary on current economic conditions.

Read the Beige Book

Small Business Credit Survey data highlight experience of women business owners

Follow Elaina and Emily Kovach as they invest in a Cleveland clothing boutique and see how their experience resembles and differs from those of other women entrepreneurs who responded to the annual and national survey.

See the story

Why Hammack sees Fourth District travel as a key part of her job

Cleveland Fed president Beth Hammack keeps a busy schedule visiting cities and towns across the region to learn more about its diverse economy and to better reflect the District’s concerns in policy discussions in Washington.

Watch her video

Public panel discusses needs of Ohio’s in-demand industries

Employers and educators need to partner to ensure that specialized training is available for workers to fill jobs in growing sectors of the economy, according to participants in our latest Fed Talk.

Watch, listen, or read

A look at “hotspots” of investor-owned single-family homes in the region

Investors tend to acquire homes in low- and moderate-income neighborhoods and usually pay cash for them, according to an analysis of areas of concentrated investor activity in seven large counties in the Fourth District.

More findings

CALENDAR

September 29–30

Inflation: Drivers and Dynamics Conference 2025

See the agenda

November 13–14

Fall 2025 Midwest Macroeconomics Meeting

Details

November 20–21

2025 Financial Stability Conference: Financial Stability in a Time of Rapid Economic and Technological Change

Details
day in life 25 Candice Sams 2

Editor's note: Our subscribers asked for more information about the people of the Federal Reserve.

 

Meet Candice Sams, a banking supervisor risk specialist in our Supervision, Credit Risk, and Statistics (SCS) Department. She’s responsible for leading a team of subject matter experts who specialize in governance and controls and risk-management examinations. Candice has been instrumental in fostering a collaborative culture within SCS and across the Bank. 

What do you find rewarding about your job?

I thrive on the detailed analysis and critical thinking foundational to SCS, and my role enables me to make meaningful contributions to Bank initiatives. In addition, I have the privilege to be a part of a greater mission to promote economic stability across our nation. If I had to choose one, the piece of my job that I enjoy most is the ability to help people. I do my best to foster growth in people and help them expand their thinking, achieve their goals, and most importantly, keep smiling. This, by far, provides my greatest sense of purpose.

 

What do you want other people to know about you?
I share a lot of my life with the people I care about and allow myself to be vulnerable and authentic as often as possible. I am in my 40s and have been married to my high school sweetheart for 17 years. I’m the mother of two beautiful sons, Anthonie, 24, and Ayden, 15. We also have a 13-year-old black doodle, Jacob. He’s named after the werewolf character from the Twilight series.

 

Who do you admire most?
I adore and admire my mom! She’s one of my best friends, along with my husband and a high school friend who I call my “Light Bright” twin.

 

Where is the most exciting place you have traveled?
The most exotic vacation I’ve taken was to Angra dos Reis and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. We visited the Christ the Redeemer statue and Sugarloaf Mountain and dined at the most amazing Brazilian steakhouse on Copacabana Beach. I love traveling and travel planning! My family and friends refer to me as their personal travel agent because I pride myself in planning the best vacations. We just returned from our annual Mardi Gras trip to New Orleans.

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